When should you sign up for social security

(If your benefits start in April, you will receive your first benefit payment in May.) If you are not getting Social Security and you are not ready to retire, you should still use our online retirement benefit application to sign. Jan 2 20Age is the earliest possible age you can for Social Security and the second most popular age to enroll in the program. You Should Set Up an Online Social Security Account En espa ol Even if retirement is still years away whether youre or now is the time to set up your Social Security account online. Especially if you hate the long lines at the Social Security office. How and When to Apply for Social Security Benefits Remember that while you can begin drawing Social Security retirement benefits at age 6 your benefits will be percent less than what they will be if you wait until your full retirement age as shown above.

Because its not just a handy tool to manage your benefits.

You Should Set Up an Online Social Security Account

What foods will lower your blood pressure

First, fruits and vegetables are foods that lower blood pressure because theyre associated with a protective effect on developing high blood pressure. Foods That Lower Blood Pressure - Healthline Jul 2 20How Do These Foods that Lower Blood Pressure Do It? Foods That Lower Blood Pressure Eat This Not That Heres a partial list of plants and herbs that are used by cultures throughout the world to lower blood pressure: black bean ( Castanospermum australe).

While each individual food has its own mechanisms for lowering blood pressure, there are some commonalities shared between them. Natural Home Remedies for Blemishes on Face Asking for the natural home remedies for blemishes, you should not ignore lemon juice. Although it is often a type of invasive ductal carcinoma, it differs from other types of breast cancer in its symptoms, outlook, and treatment.

Aug 1 20When choosing a powder or flour, you want to make sure that its 1percent pure with no additives or fillers.

Vestibular schwannoma

Although schwannomas do not sprea they can grow large enough to press down on important structures in the brain (including the brain stem). Vestibular schwannoma - Acoustic neuroma is a rare noncancerous tumor. Usually, vestibular schwannomas start in the Schwann cells on the outside of the vestibulocochlear nerve. A vestibular schwannoma (also known as acoustic neuroma, acoustic neurinoma, or acoustic neurilemoma) is a benign, usually slow-growing tumor that develops from the balance and hearing nerves supplying the inner ear.

The tumor then presses on the hearing and balance nerves in the inner ear. WebMD Nov 2 20A type of schwannoma called vestibular schwannoma (or acoustic neuroma) affects the nerve that connects the brain to the inner ear, which can affect your sense of balance. It grows slowly from an overproduction of Schwann cells and is also called a vestibular schwannoma.

Common Home Remedies For Gum Disease That Work Naturally Home remedies are a cheap and effective way to treat gingivitis.

What does an endocrinologist do for thyroid

An endocrinologist is a specialist who has thoroughly studied hormonal conditions and knows the best possible treatments, even when conventional treatments do not work well. An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. They deal with metabolism, or all the biochemical processes that make your body work, including how your body changes food into energy and how it grows. WebMD they cover a lot of groun diagnosing and treating conditions that affect your: adrenals, which are glands that sit on top of your kidneys and help to control things like your blood pressure, metab.

The Value of an Endocrinologist Endocrine Society Here are some reasons why an endocrinologist will provide the level of support and care that you need with this diagnosis. An endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in the endocrine system. The hormones it releases affect metabolism, weight, cholesterol levels, muscle strength, brain development, breathing and functioning of the heart and nervous system. Oct 1 20Endocrinology is the field of hormone-related diseases.

The TSH test, which measures thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloo is the primary test an endocrinologist gives to diagnose thyroid disease.

What problems can varicose veins cause

Varicose veins: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Mar 2 20They do not cause problems for most people. Varicose veins typically appear swollen and raise and have a. But in some people, they can lead to pain that interferes with walking or standing. However, if the flow of blood through veins becomes worse, problems such as leg swelling and pain, blood clots, and skin changes may be present.

While there is no apparent association between varicose veins and heart problems, you may be more prone to developing complications such as swelling and infections if you suffer from both varicose veins and heart problems at the same time. Hidden Dangers if You Donapost Treat Varicose Veins However, varicose veins can often be a cause and sign of a more serious problem.

Understanding Varicose Veins - WebMD

Varicose veins: Causes, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention Dec 1 20Varicose veins are enlarge swollen, twisted veins often caused by damaged or faulty valves that allow blood to travel in the wrong direction.

Zygomatic dental implants

Zygoma implant - Zygoma implants (or zygomatic implants) are different from conventional dental implants in that they anchor in to the zygomatic bone (cheek bone) rather than the maxilla (upper jaw). You may need Zygomatic Dental Implants Designed specifically for patients with bone loss, Zygomatic implants are tilted and have much longer length than those used in traditional dental implants. Often I will recommend one over the other or give you.

Org Zygomatic implants avoid grafting and sinus lift procedures and therefore contribute to a shorter and more comfortable treatment. Depending on the bone quality of the patient, either two zygomatic implants are place or four. The difference between a Zygomatic Implant and a normal dental implant is that the former is longer and is placed diagonally into the cheek bone (zygoma to make use of).

Mar 1 20Complications occurred in four patients, two e zygomatic implants were completely remove one was sectioned and partially removed and one was treated with removal of its apical part but it remained functional.

Not enough bone? You may need Zygomatic Dental Implants

Watson dietary supplements

Fiber is naturally present in fruits, vegetables and whole grains dietary fiber is the best but fiber supplements are also an ere is good evidence that blond psyllium husk, a common ingredient in fiber supplements, can lower bad LDL. Sometimes, the ingredients in dietary supplements are added to foods, including drinks. Dietary supplements promoted for weight loss encompass a wide variety of products and come in a variety of forms, including capsules). Dietary Supplements for Heart Health - Watsons Health Scientific evidence shows that some dietary supplements are beneficial for overall health and for managing certain health conditions.

Dietary Supplements - National Institute on Aging Dietary supplements come in the form of pills, capsules, powders, gel tabs, extracts, or liquids. Besides Slimnlight, Watsons offer discount prices on Diet Slimming products. WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS - Watsons Health Americans spend about billion a year on weight-loss dietary supplements in pill form (e.g., tablets, capsules, and softgels, and to lose weight is one of the top reasons why people take dietary supplements.

SlimnlightDietary Supplement 1000mg capsule Watsons

Vitamin a skin care

Retinoids can be found in animal products, such as: salmon. The Skin Benefits of Vitamin A - Canyon Ranch Any skin care product promising to stamp out wrinkles, eliminate brown spots or pigmentation should have some form of vitamin A included in the regimen. But it can become confusing as not all vitamin A derivatives are created equal.

Retinoic Acid (Trans-Retinoic Acid) Retinoic Acid is the acid form of Vitamin A. Vitamin A for Skin - why it is so good and how to use it Vitamin A can penetrate deeply in skin where it stimulates collagen production, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles Treats acne by unclogging pores, reducing inflammation and increasing skin cell exfoliation Evens out skin tone and improves sun damage spotspigmentation Smoothes skin improves its tone and appearance. Vitamin A in Skin Care Just About Skin Forms of Vitamin A.

The Skin Benefits of Vitamin A - Canyon Ranch

Zygomatic implants before and after

The Zygomatic implants also completely negated the need for extensive bone grafting, which would be the usual course of action for patients with damaged jaw bones, who wanted dental implants before the innovation. Patient with advanced atrophy of the jaw due to many years of denture wearing sometimes do not have the necessary minimum volume or quality of bone required to have dental implants. Further indications for zygomatic implants include failed conventional implant placement.

Depending on the bone quality of the patient, either two zygomatic implants are place or four. Having zygomatic tooth implants placed means a patient will have same day teeth delivered on the day of surgery of the time. Zygomatic Arch Dental Implants, Same Day Procedure In London Zygomatic Implants are used when there is insufficient bone to hold a normal dental implant.

Why Zygomatic Implants Are Your Last Chance If You Have No

Mar 1 20Five years after surgery, clinical examination revealed advanced periimplantitis of the left zygomatic implant with severe bone loss that rendered non-surgical treatment unfeasible.

What type of brain cancer does john mccain have

Jul 2 20What Do We Know about the Brain Cancer Plaguing Sen. John McCain is up against in cancer battle One of them addresses the fact that cancer tends to hide from the immune system - it kind of clothes itself in a cloak of invisibility. Why John McCainaposs Type Of Brain Tumor Is So Hard To Treat Jul 2 20If youve been reading up on brain cancer since hearing of Senator John McCains recent diagnosis, you may already know that his type of cancer, glioblastoma, has a fairly grim outlook.

What Do We Know about the Brain Cancer Plaguing Sen. John McCainaposs Brain Cancer Is Aggressive, Deadly - AARP Dec 1 20There are more than 1distinct types of brain and nervous system tumors, but current media focus is mostly on one because of the hospitalization last week of Sen. Types of Brain Cancer: Common, Rare and More Varieties CTCA Types of brain cancer.

The brain stem also transmits all the signals to the body from the brain.

What Do We Know about the Brain Cancer Plaguing Sen. John

Ways to cure gingivitis

Ways to Cure Gingivitis - How Gingivitis is caused by plaque buildup, and plaque is microscopic wads of bacteria, mucus and food particles that form in your mouth every day and stick to your teeth. In the warm, moist environment of your mouth, the bacteria proliferate and produce toxins that attack and irritate your gums source: NCBI. In one 20study, lemongrass oil was found to be more effective than traditional chlorhexidine mouthwash at reducing. Both gingivitis and periodontitis have been shown to raise your risk of things like diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, pneumonia, and cancer.

Then it becomes a more serious form of gum disease called periodontitis. Successful Treatments for Advanced Periodontal Disease Top Ways to Prevent GUM DISEASE : Proper brushing and flossing. How to Get Rid of Gingivitis Fast at Home If you dont treat it, the infection can travel below your gum line and into your bone.

Active Immunization - an overview ScienceDirect Topics Vaccination Active immunization for rubella is with a live-attenuated vaccine either as the trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine or, in some countries, as a monovalent rubella vaccine.

Vitamin deficiency and memory loss

This nutrient helps your body use energy from foo and it protects nerve cells so you can think clearly. Too little vitamin Bin your diet can affect your memory. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression, Alzheimers disease and other dementias, and cognitive decline, as well as psychosis, autism, heart disease, and about 2other conditions. Vitamin B Deficiency Short Term Memory Loss Cause A surprisingly common source of memory loss symptoms is a Vitamin B-deficiency.

Memory loss CAN be reversible by: Kerri Knox, RN- The Immune Queen. Memory loss from Vitamin Bdeficiency CAN be reversible, that does not mean it IS reversible in your husbandaposs case. How Does Vitamin D Deficiency Affect Your Memory and Mood? Vitamin B-intake is necessary for healthy brain function, and also maintaining intact myelin sheaths (the protective covering around nerves.).

You get it from foods such as meat, fish, milk, cheese, and eggs.

Can a vitamin Bdeficiency lead to memory loss?

Very low blood pressure in pregnancy

Low blood pressure is defined as blood pressure that is below the normal expected for a person in a given environment. Fluctuating hormones and changes in circulation can often lower the blood. Low blood pressure during pregnancy: Causes and remedies Dec 1 20Low blood pressure during pregnancy is a normal occurrence.

Low blood pressure (hypotension) NHS - NHS Low blood pressure is a measurement of less than 9060mmHg. Doctors often break down low blood pressure (hypotension) into categories, depending on the causes and other factors. Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: How to Deal With It Jan 3 20While many women who have low blood pressure prior to pregnancy do very well without too much risk, there are some complications to be aware of. Atlas says one of the most concerning complications is dizziness because it can lead to. Low Blood Pressure in Pregnancy Cause Treatments Bounty Should I be worried about low blood pressure in pregnancy?

Most women will notice their blood pressure dropping at some point early on in their first trimester, and reaching its lowest in the middle of their second trimester.

Will i get my disability

It even makes it easy to request a replacement Social Security Card or check the status of an. This disability planner page explains the Social Security definition of disability. Calculating your combined disability rating involves more than adding up your.

This disability planner page explains how you qualify for benefits if you become disabled. This disability planner page explains how long, and when, you need to have worked to qualify for Social Security disability. About VA Disability Ratings Veterans Affairs What happens after I get my disability rating?

The details are still being figured out, but it appears recipients of social security, disability and SSI will get stimulus checks. Find out what to expect after you get your rating. The benefit verification letter, sometimes called a benefits letter, or a Social Security.

This disability planner page lists the first two steps in the process of deciding if you are.

Vitamin c and immunity

How Vitamin C Supports a Healthy Immune System Mar 2 20Vitamin C, or ascorbic aci is a water-soluble vitamin well known for its role in supporting a healthy immune system. Because your body cannot make vitamin C, it must come from the foods you eat every day. Here we bring you a smoothie recipe rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, both of which are much needed to strengthen immunity. In fact, a lack of vitamin C can even make you more prone to getting sick.

Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Several cells of the immune system can indeed accumulate vitamin C and need the vitamin to perform their task, especially phagocytes and t-cells. Vitamin C And Immunity Know All About Vitamin C And.

Vitamin C Benefits, Sources, Supplements, More

Lockdown Recipe: Try This Papaya-Banana Smoothie For Your Daily Dose Of Vitamin C Thereaposs no fixed recipe for making smoothie. Thus a vitamin C deficiency in a reduced resistance against certain pathogens whilst a higher supply enhances several immune system parameters.

What does a normal neck look like

You can have serious thyroid disease if you have a completely normal neck check. Org I have uploaded it so that it can be used for teaching anatomy etc. Do a aposNeck Checkapos to Detect Thyroid Cancer Jul 2 20A aposneck checkapos is a simple procedure that can be done just about anywhere. How to Do a Thyroid Neck Check - Verywell Health Nov 1 20In general, a neck check is not considered the most accurate or reliable way to identify thyroid disease.

Feb 1 20How to Read a MRI of the Normal Cervical Spine (Neck) Colorado Spine Expert.

Do a aposNeck Checkapos to Detect Thyroid Cancer

The condition, called cervical kyphosis, doesnt have anything to do). Understanding an MRI of the Neck Cervical Spine Colorado Limited range of motion in your neck can be painful and can hamper many normal activities, such as driving a car. It is difficult to drive your car safely if you cannot turn far enough to check your blind spot.

Vitamin d 10000

Overview Toxicity of vitamin D which has the following summary Many weeks for a really large DAILY dose of vitamin D to become toxic Summary of points of this paper by Vitamin D Council Dec 2012. May 0 20One Capsule Contains: Vitamin D (as Vitamin D3) 10IU. For vitamin D deficiency: 50IU per week for 6-weeks has been used. However, doses up to 10IU have not been shown to.

It is recommended that you do not take more than 6iuday. Data on skin synthesis of vitamin D indicate oral intake of 10IUday is safe. Vitamin Dis a more potent and bioavailable form compared to D2.

Vitamin D-10- Supports healthy bones and muscles

However, some patients require higher doses for longer periods of time to maintain optimal blood levels of vitamin D. Directions Take capsule daily or as recommended by a. 40IU is the safe upper level of daily vitamin D intake. 10IU vitamin D daily is safe, toxicity start at 150. I take 10iuday for days then 0thereafter.

Access your diet, activity, and supplement plan anytime, anywhere through the Thorne dashboard.

What to do during high blood pressure

Beets are high in nitric oxide, which can help open your. When to Call Your Doctor About High Blood Pressure If you are being treated for high blood pressure, your doctor can answer any questions or concerns you may have during your regular visits. Berries, especially blueberries, are rich in natural compounds called flavonoids. In general, limit sodium to 3milligrams (mg) a day or less. Weaposll show you seven home remedies for high blood pressure, including exercising regularly and limiting your sodium intake.

Potassium helps your kidneys get rid of more sodium through your urine. Tips to Prevent Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure High blood pressure occurs when the force of the blood flowing through narrow arteries is greater than usual, making the heart work harder to circulate the blood through the bodys blood vessels. Foods That Lower Blood Pressure - Healthline foods that help lower blood pressure 1. The effect of sodium intake on blood pressure varies among groups of people.

Tips to Prevent Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure

Widow maker artery

This type of blockage is known as a widowmaker or a STEMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarction). Left anterior descending artery - Feb 0 20A widowmaker is an informal term for a heart attack that involves 1percent blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, says Stanley Chetcuti, M.D., an interventional cardiologist at the University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center. Oct 2 20A widowmaker heart attack is a type of heart attack thats caused by a 1percent blockage of the left anterior descending (LAD) s also sometimes referred to as a chronic total. Heart attacks can be deadly, and the widow maker is one of the deadliest kind. Easley had a 1percent blockage in his main coronary artery, which his cardiologist immediately opened up with a stent.

It can happen suddenly when a key artery that moves blood to the heart gets almost or completely blocked. Widowmaker Heart Attack Explained by Cardiologist MyHeart Jan 2 20Of course, I dont blame them. Best Vegetarian Slow Cooker Recipes Allrecipes Vegetarian Slow Cooker Recipes.

Early Warning Signs of Appendicitis Early Warning Signs of Appendicitis.

Vein center near me

The Northeast Wisconsin Vein Center is your source of world-class treatment for vein disease. Our team uses expertise in vascular surgery and radiology to provide patients customized care. Looking For A Vein Clinic Near Me United Veins Center Are you searching for a vein clinic near me?

United Veins Center is dedicated to venous treatments and patient care. Mark Blumenthal in 199 The Vein Center CosMed is the St. Our Varicose Vein Doctors Spider Vein Specialists are experts in Sclerotherapy, EVLT Laser, Radiofrequency Ablation, VenaSeal for Varicose Vein treatment Spider Vein treatment.

Looking For A Vein Doctor Near Me Call United Vein Centers Looking for a vein doctor near me?

Metro Vein Centers Leading Vein Specialists Varicose

A vein expert will usually perform an ultrasound to look for leaky valves and improper blood flow to confirm the diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency.

Waterproof knee sleeve

Weve been on a mission to find the best knee sleeve for general support, weightlifting, functional fitness workouts, knee warmth and even squats. CAMBIVO Pack Knee Brace, Knee Compression Sleeve Support for Running, Arthritis, ACL, Meniscus Tear, Sports, Joint Pain Relief and Injury Recovery out of stars 51- 19. A sleeves benefits will be dependent on your strength sport preferences and knee sleeve wantsneeds. Compression Wraps at m Shampoo(24) Conditioner(24) Sunscreen(168) Swimsuit Cleaners(7) Soap Body Wash(19) Travel Size(54) Lotion(35) Gift Sets(9). waterproof leg sleeve Nvorliy Knee Compression Brace Support for Swimming, Sailing, Scuba Diving, Surfing, Paddle Boarding, Kayaking, Water Sports or Injury Recovery - Waterproof Sleeve, Fit Women Men out of stars 54.

Picc Line Shower Sleeve - Pack - Extra Large.

Waterproof Knee Brace

Best waterproof knee braces for swimming m Strength athletes typically reach for knee sleeves for joint protection warmth and stability.

What is the normal range for high blood pressure

The normal range for vitamin B-in the blood is between 2and 9nanograms per milliliter (ngmL). Older adults can also struggle to keep their body temperature in a normal range if theyre somewhere with intense air. Calcium Blood Test: Normal Range, High, Low Test result values that fall above the reference range are considered high. C-reactive protein test - Mayo Clinic Jan 1 20Normal body temperature is around 9 F, though this varies from person to person.

Vitamin B-level test: Uses, normal ranges, and Jan 1 20Normal. Oct 2 20The normal range depends on a persons age and whether they are pregnant. WBC (White Blood Cell) Count: Purpose, Procedure, and Abnormal test are classified by numbers that are higher or lower than the normal range for your age. High, Normal Range Find out whats too high, too low, and (pretty much) just right. Normal range for hematocrit is different between the sexes and is.

TSH levels: What do normal, high, and low levels mean?

Vertigo home remedies food

One of the most common types of vertigo is BPPV. Home remedies for vertigo: Treatment and the Epley maneuver Jan 2 20Home remedies for vertigo. Home Remedies For Vertigo - Alternative Daily Home Remedies For Vertigo 1. Axe Dec 3 20Foods to include in your diet often include: vegetables (especially those high in blood pressure-lowering potassium, such as leafy greens fresh fruit (like bananas and avocado healthy sources of fats (like wild fish, coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil) and clean sources of lean protein (grass-fed meat). You can increase your levels of vitamin D by taking a supplement, getting more sunlight, or eating foods rich in the vitamin.

Gingko biloba is one of the most widely researched herbs throughout the world.

Home Remedies for Vertigo: Treatment Tips May 0 20Home Remedies for Vertigo. The Best Natural Treatments for Vertigo - Doctors Health Press Jul 1 20Herbal Remedies for Vertigo. For a comprehensive course on treating the root causes of vertigo, click here.

White bumps on upper lip

Understand your symptoms and learn about possible treatments and at-home care. White Bumps on Lips: Causes and Treatments Having little white bumps on lips is a phenomenon that most people will experience at some point in their lives. They have numerous possible causes, including infections, allergic reactions, and lip injuries. In addition, to have tiny white bumps on upper lip could also be a symptom of an infection.

How can I get rid of small dots on upper lips? Bump on Upper Lip Cause, Tiny Red Bump, White Hard. Because lip bumps can be symptoms of different ailments, it is important to seek a medical diagnosis for proper treatment options.

These pimples on lips usually appear in small patches on either the lower lip or upper lip but in some cases, both lips are affected. White Bumps on Lips: Causes, Treatments, and More White lip bumps can have various causes, from aging to oral cancer. Bump on lip: Causes, treatment, and when to see a doctor Jan 2 20Lip bumps can come in many shapes and sizes with various associated symptoms.

White Bumps on Lips: Causes, Treatments, and More

Tooth pulling cost without insurance

We can offer you an extensive and thoroughly-vetted listing of dentists and oral surgeons who can accomplish an emergency. Emergency Tooth Extraction Near Me 2No Insurance OK Tooth Extraction Without Insurance. These include situations in which there is uncontrolled bleeding, severe pain, disorientation, or difficulty breathing. Tooth Extraction: Cost, Procedure, Risks, and Recovery The cost for tooth extraction varies widely depending on whether the tooth is impacted.

Simple extraction usually costs between and 2per tooth, and may be more depending on the type of. A tooth extraction with no insurance does not have to be a painful experience for your mouth or your wallet.

Free or Low-Cost Dental Care When Youre Uninsured - WebMD

The tooth causes severe pain and does need immediate attention. Without insurance the extraction would cost 4and with a discount plan itaposll cost 240. Iaposm just curious about what may cause it to be a higher than normal price.

Vegan buffet ideas

While its easy to find delicious vegan dinner recipes, vegan lunch is often kind of the same and it can. So, with New Years Eve just around the corner, I thought it would be a nice idea to share some vegan buffet food recipes to help you all out. Best Vegan Recipes - Easy Vegan Dinner Ideas Youaposll Love Jan 1 20Eggplant meatballs mixed with umami-rich mushrooms, served on fluffy whole-wheat hoagies?

Together were bringing you the ultimate list of vegan buffet. Vegan Cold Summer Meals (That require very little to no. Vegetarian vegan buffet ideas - Blogger Dec 1 20Here are some of our favourite vegetarian and vegan buffetmezecanape ideas which are ideal for parties and picnics (for mums who donapost shop at Iceland!) If catering for large numbers, I generally make up some batches of buffet foods in advance and freeze them.

Vegan party recipes BBC Good Food Apr 2 20I recently had some people asking me if I couldnt put together a roundup of easy vegan lunch ideas and here it is.

What do i need to apply for survivors benefits

Before you begin filling out your application, you may want to review the information you will need. We will check to see whether you can get a higher benefit as a widow or widower. We will need a photocopy of your passport, financial information and information about which of our two colleges you would like to atten and what type of studies you are. You will need three (3) points worth of documents to prove your identity and a one (1) point document to prove your residency. DES: Before You Apply The unemployment insurance system pays temporary assistance to eligible individuals who are unemployed through no fault of their own.

Medicare Benefits Social Security Administration You can apply online for Medicare even if you are not ready to retire. The IDNYC program uses a point system to determine if applicants are able to prove identity and residency in New York City.

What Do I Need to Apply?

Department of State of the views or products contained therein. How to Apply to Osteopathic Medical School - AACOM Explore your options and get ready to apply.